Advancing Immunotherapies for HPV-Related Cancers: Exploring Novel Vaccine Strategies and the Influence of Tumor Microenvironment

The understanding of the relationship between immunological responses and cancers, especially those related to HPV, has allowed for study development therapeutic vaccines against these neoplasias. There is a growing number studies about composition influence tumor microenvironment (TME) in progression or establishment most varied types cancer. Hence, it been possible structure immunotherapy approaches based on that are even more specific directed components TME immune response associated with tumors. Among dendritic cells (DCs), which main professional antigen-presenting (APCs) already studied therapy strategies HPV-related cancers. On other hand, tumor-associated macrophages also potential targets since profile present infiltrates, M1 M2, influences prognosis some These two cell can be immunomodulation. In this context, our review aims provide an overview HPV-positive tumors, such as cervical head neck pointing promising approaches. This explores cancer treatment, including checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine immunotherapies, vaccines, therapies. Furthermore, highlights importance its effect design achievement immunotherapeutic methods.